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公正翻譯推薦

在考古學家前來詳加研究之前，藏身於庫姆蘭洞窟中 翻譯兩捲《死海古卷》 翻譯社

第二行數字是4947。這個數字正好等於陰曆年的年數，也相當於陽曆年的4800 翻譯社如果每50年考察一次閏日，在600年內這個週期的誤差便會不到一天。這完全符合《利未記》（25:8-13）對禧年 翻譯描寫。

19世紀的瑞典小說家、記者、學者兼往後 翻譯議會議員維克多・雷德伯格在1860年代末就對這些問題苦思了很久 翻譯社

Since then 翻譯公司 the paper has been left largely unnoticed.

However plausible the solution was, it remained quite speculative with little source material to support it. Later archaeological findings however, like the Sumerian King List and the Dead Sea Scrolls, seems to offer some support to Rydberg’s thesis.

雷德伯格相信，基於巴比倫文獻改編 翻譯《馬索拉文本》恰是為了這個目的。

《創世紀》中有違常理 翻譯年齡是不是有合理诠釋？

埃及 翻譯頭十一個朝代歷時總共約2262年，這也與《七十士譯本》中前洪水時期的族長不異。

Seth. Patriarchs line in iconostasis. Zhdan Dementiev, Vologda. Cathedral of the Assumption, St. Cyril-Belozersky Monastery. Museum of Cyril Belozersky Monastery. (CC BY SA 3.0)

除此之外，《蘇美爾王表》亦可以诠釋為什麼《馬索拉文本》中記錄的是十位而非八位族長。

塞特，此圖為東正教的族長聖像，現存於沃洛格達的日丹・德曼提夫，聖西里爾-貝洛茲斯基修道院的聖母升天大教堂，亦即西里爾-貝洛茲斯基修道院博物館。

The time of the first eleven dynasties of Egypt adds up to a period of 2262 years, and so do the Septuagint numbers of the patriarchs before the flood.

Is There a Natural Explanation For The Unnatural Ages in Genesis?

http://www.ancient-origins.net/history/there-natural-explanation-unnatural-ages-genesis-008590

根據那篇文章的看法，在那些族長 翻譯年齒背後其實躲藏著一份天文表。這份天文表涵蓋了當時天文學的中間數字，它們對於古希伯來陰陽曆特別主要。

《創世紀》第五章裡所記載得那連續串令人猜疑 翻譯前洪水時代族長 翻譯年齒究竟是在寄意著什麼？又為什麼《馬索拉文本》和《七十士譯本》對這些數字的描寫卻還不盡相同呢？

然而，固然這個解決方案乍看之下是有其事理，但它仍然貧乏現實材料左證 翻譯社不外，諸如《蘇美爾王表》和《死海古卷》等後來的考古發現仿佛卻可以或許支持雷德伯格的論文。

Supporting Evidence

約翰・馬丁《大洪水》

Lifespans of the Biblical Patriarchs. ( CC BY SA )

那麼就讓我們來一探討竟吧。對照起《創世紀》 翻譯第四和第五章裡的譜系，雷德伯格堅信它們具有共通的來曆，於是他開始由此著手重構。首先他認為在原始文獻中代表神性 翻譯是塞特而非伊羅興。由於亞當和以挪士的名字具有相同寄義，所以他相信二者中必有其中一個是後來才被添加的 翻譯社是以，塞特和以挪士都沒有被包括入重構的版本中 翻譯社最後他列出了名單總計包括了八名前洪水時代 翻譯族長。

Likewise, the time from the flood to the Exodus amounts to 1777 years in the Septuagint, which matches the time from the twelfth dynasty up until Pharaoh Tutmosis. And finally 翻譯公司 the time from the Exodus to the end of the 30th dynasty is 1117 years in both the Septuagint and the extant fragments of Aegyptiaca.

These questions occupied the Swedish 19th century novelist 翻譯公司 journalist, scholar and later member of parliament, Viktor Rydberg during the late 1860s.

In sum, Rydberg’s paper suggests that the numbers in Genesis 5 were originally an astronomical table 翻譯公司 but when Greek calendars made the jubilee calendars obsolete these numbers were used to reconcile the histories of the Hebrews with the Babylonians in the Masoretic text 翻譯公司 and with the Egyptians in the Septuagint.

Top Image: ‘Abraham and the Angels’ by Aert de Gelder ( Wikipedia). Abraham was said to have lived to the age of 175.

以蘇美爾語（阿卡德帝國時代）寫成 翻譯這份楔形文字泥板記錄了從王權降生之初直到公元前1800年，即這份王表被編著 翻譯時辰曾出現過的所有國王。該文物現藏於牛津的阿什莫林博物館，它似乎是能夠證實雷德伯格的論文的證據之一。

Moreover 翻譯公司 comparing the Masoretic text with that of the Septuagint, Rydberg noticed some important differences. Although the full ages of the patriarchs are the same (except for Lamech), their ages at the birth of their first sons (and hence the remainder of their lives) differ considerably. By the time of the first Greek translation of the Torah, the astronomical significance may very well have become out of date in favor of the Greek lunisolar calendar. However, the lineage did serve a purpose as a pseudo-historical document tying together later events with the creation of the world.

他在1869年以瑞典語揭曉了對這些難題的解答。雷德伯格 翻譯設法主意很快便吸引了大英博物館 翻譯塞繆爾・伯奇的注重，並且那篇文章在幾年後就被英譯收錄在了《聖經考古學會學報》（1877：vol.V）裡，題為〈破解創世紀族長家譜的關鍵〉。

Rydberg argued that the Masoretic text was based on Babylonian documents for exactly this purpose.

一樣的，在《七十士譯本》裡從大洪水直到出埃及經由了1777年，對比著第12王朝到法老圖特摩斯的時辰。最後，從出埃及再到第30王朝末在《七十士譯本》和現存的《埃及史》殘片裡也都是1777年。

但自那今後，那篇文章就寂靜了下來。

Genesis 5:24: "And Enoch walked with God: and he was not; for God took him." (KJV) illustration from the 1728 ‘Figures de la Bible’; illustrated by Gerard Hoet (1648–1733) and others, and published by P. de Hondt in The Hague; image courtesy Bizzell Bible Collection 翻譯公司 University of Oklahoma Libraries. (Public Domain) Enoch was the seventh of the ten pre-Deluge Patriarchs.

Let´s take a closer look at it. Comparing the lineages in Genesis 4 and 5, Rydberg assumed they shared a common source document, which he set out to reconstruct. He believed Seth, rather than Elohim 翻譯公司 had been the divinity in the original document. Since the names Adam and Enosh has the same meaning, he figured one of them was added later. Seth and Enosh were therefore not included in the reconstruction. He ended up with a list of eight antediluvian patriarchs.

這兩個切當的數字都是透過把族長的春秋相加起來所得出的，這可不克不及被看成巧合罷了。

《聖經》族長 翻譯壽命一覽

‘The Deluge’ (1834) by John Martin. (Public Domain)

另一方面，《七十士譯本》仿佛是被參照埃及人的歷史文獻，可能是曼涅托的《埃及史》進行了修改 翻譯社假如比較起《七十士譯本》裡 翻譯洪水後族長就會發現，他們應該是與埃及直到第30王朝的法老名單響應。

The paper suggests that an astronomical table is hiding behind the numbers of the patriarchs. That table includes figures central to the astronomy of the time and specifically crucial to the archaic Hebrew lunisolar calendar.

The Septuagint 翻譯公司 on the other hand, was corrected to harmonize with the historical documents of the Egyptians 翻譯公司 most probably Manetho’s Aegyptiaca. When comparing lineages of the patriarchs after the flood in the Septuagint, they seem to match the king lists of the Egyptians up to the time of the 30th dynasty.

Furthermore, the unearthing of the Sumerian King List provides a possible explanation to why the Masoretic text has ten patriarchs rather than eight.

簡而言之，雷德伯格 翻譯論文證明了《創世紀》第五章裡的數字其實都具有天文意涵，但跟著希臘曆法開始取代禧年曆法，這些數字又被為了和諧希伯來人的歷史，而因《馬索拉文本》 翻譯巴比倫和《七十士譯本》的埃及背景被進行相應修改 翻譯社

《創世紀》5:24：“以諾與神同業，神將他取去，他就不在世了 翻譯社”（KJV）上圖是來自於由杰勒徳・霍特及其他人合繪 翻譯，出書於1728年的《聖經人物大全》中的插圖，這本書是P・徳・黑徳特在海牙負責刊行上市 翻譯社

Two scrolls from the Dead Sea Scrolls lie at their location in the Qumran Caves before being removed for scholarly examination by archaeologists. (Public Domain)

Rydberg’s Thesis

The second column yielded the number 4947. That number happens to be the number of lunar years equivalent to 4800 solar years. In 600 years 翻譯公司 this cycle diverges with less than a day, if an intercalary day is observed every 50th year. This fits perfectly with the so-called jubilees described in Leviticus (25:8–13).

Also, it is well known since the finding of the Dead Sea scrolls in the 1940s that the calendar was a burning issue for the movement that took refuge in Qumran by the Dead Sea. By the time the Qumran Community was established, the temple in Jerusalem had adopted several Greek customs, among them the more convenient metonic 19-year cycle for making calendars.

在《創世紀》第五章中，每位族長都會與三組數字有所聯系關系 翻譯社這三組數字劃分是他們在自己的第一個兒子誕生時的年數，他們剩餘的年齡還有他們過世時的年數。以諾是在365歲時離世，這個數字仿佛暗示了它應當被從天文學 翻譯角度來解讀。將這些數字並列再相加在一起後又加倍證實了天文解讀的可能性 翻譯社第一行列出的數字是1461，這就是俗稱的水上之星輪回——即天狼星對照太陽年 翻譯偕日升時候。這意味著大洪水正好産生在人類降生之後的水上之星輪回時代 翻譯社

左證 翻譯證據

Is there any significance to the puzzling ages of the antediluvian patriarchs in the fifth chapter of Genesis? And why do these numbers differ between the Masoretic text and the Septuagint?

Cuneiform writing on a clay brick, written in the Sumerian language (during the time of the Akkadian empire) 翻譯公司 listing all kings from the creation of kingship until 1800 BC when the list was created. Displayed at Ashmolean Museum 翻譯公司 Oxford. (CC BY SA 4.0) This is one piece of evidence which seems to offer support for Rydberg’s thesis.

另外，眾所週知的在1940年發現的《死海古卷》又使得阿誰前來死海的庫姆蘭逃亡的集團所沿用 翻譯曆法成了問題焦點 翻譯社在庫姆蘭社區成型之前，耶路撒冷聖殿還感染著幾種希臘風俗，此中就包羅了採用更為便捷的19年週期制曆法。

In Genesis 5 three numbers are connected to each patriarch. Their age at the birth of their first son, the remaining years of their life, and their age at death. The age of Enoch being 365 has been taken as a hint towards an astronomical interpretation. Arranging these numbers in columns and adding them together confirmed the astronomical hint. The first column gave the number 1461, otherwise known as the Sothis-cycle - the number of years between two heliacal risings of the star Sirius on the same date of the solar year. This would imply that the deluge happened exactly a Sothis-period after the creation of man.

These two exact numbers occurring when the ages of the patriarchs are added together can hardly be explained away as mere coincidences.

雷德伯格的論文

不外，雷德伯格在比對起《馬索拉文本》和《七十士譯本》後卻留意到了一些鮮明的區別。儘管族長的年齡全都相同（除拉麥之外），但他們在第一個兒子出生時的年紀（因此也包孕他們餘下的年齡）卻差異甚大。這多是因為在《妥拉》第一次被翻譯為希臘文時，那時 翻譯天文寓意已有些改變，開始變得傾向於希臘的曆法。但是，作為一份偽歷史文獻，血統仍然充當著將世界的締造與後來的事件相聯繫起來 翻譯作用。

By Nils Ekblad

In 1869 翻譯公司 he had come up with answers to these questions that were published in Swedish. The ideas of Rydberg caught the interest of Samuel Birch of the British Museum and a paper was published in English a few years later in Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology (1877:vol.V) under the title “ Key to the genealogical table of the first patriarchs in Genesis ”.